EU Own Resources

• Relationship Between CO₂ Emissions and Trade: The Case of the EU; Dušan Steinhauser, Zuzana Kittová and Lucia Khúlová; Intereconomics; 2024; Vol. 5 (1).

Abstract by the authors: Understanding the relationship between international trade and CO2 emissions is crucial for designing appropriate measures to address climate change. This article focuses on CO2 emissions as one of the trade flow determinants of the EU countries, along with other factors including remoteness, labour productivity, real effective exchange rates, and research and development expenditures. The authors conclude that EU exports and imports are growing to or from those partner countries whose CO2 emissions are rising. Furthermore, the growing similarity between the emissions of the EU and partner countries supports mainly the growth of EU exports and points to the slowdown in the growth of partners’ emissions intensity. The existence of a relationship between CO2 emissions and EU trade is important for the expected effects of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism to materialise. Thus, this study confirms the assumption that emissions can be reduced in EU partner countries through trade and trade measures.

• Fiscal Rules in the European Union: Less Is More; Bogdan Căpraru, Anastasios Pappas, Nicu Sprincean; JCMS/ Journal of Common Market Studies; 2024-05

Abstract by the authors: In this article, we examine the non-linear relationship between the number of fiscal rules in place and compliance with the European Union's (EU) numerical fiscal targets included in the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). Using a sample composed of 27 EU Member States for a period spanning 2000 to 2021, we document that countries' compliance with fiscal rules is positively associated with the number of numerical fiscal targets. However, this association only holds up to a specific threshold. Once this threshold is achieved, the relationship becomes negative, implying that the multiplication of numerical fiscal rules may undermine compliance, thereby reducing their effectiveness. In addition, we find that general elections and frequent changes in government reduce compliance, whereas economic adjustment programmes contribute positively to countries' compliance with fiscal targets. The findings bear critical policy implications against the backdrop of the current review of the European fiscal framework.

• The EU Proposal for a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: An Advanced Tool to Combat 'Carbon Leakage', a New EU Own Resource of 'Moral Suasion' for Third Countries?; Gianluca Selicato; Review of European and Comparative Law; 2022; Vol. 50(3); p.25-37

Abstract by the author: With the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) adopted on July 14, 2021 by the European Commission, it begins to reach the heart of the global debate on the opportunity to adopt mechanisms to combat the phenomenon of ‘carbon leakage’, that is the attempt to evade existing carbon pricing systems through the delocalization of the most polluting activities. In this way, the European Union demonstrates its serious intention to strengthen actions against climate change and to identify customs taxation as an instrument to guide the choices of its trading partners and, therefore, of the major world economies. The precautions adopted in the application of the CBAM and the long transitional period before its entry into force, however, prevent the full appreciation of its potential repercussions (also) in terms of the new own resource of the European budget.

• Protecting EU Financial Interests in the Collection of Tax-Based Own Resources; Aitor Navarro; Intertax; 2024-07; Vol.52 (Issue 8/9), p.533-549

Abstract: This article aims to delineate the content and limits of the duty to protect the European Union’s financial interests regarding tax-based own resources, namely customs duties and VAT, which are key for financing the EU budget. It specifically addresses the duties of the EU Member States to make these resources available to the Union and to combat fraud and other illegal activities impacting their effective collection. Yet, these duties must be exercised in compliance with the protection of fundamental rights. The conflicts arising from the limits imposed by national rights and those enshrined in the EU Charter are also critically addressed.

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