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A 'Europe of defence'? The establishment of binding commitments and supranational governance in European security and defence; Brøgger, Tine Elisabeth; Journal of European Integration, 2025-04, Vol.47 (3), p.403-422

Cooperation between EU member-states in the field of security and defence is increasingly difficult to reconcile with the notion of intergovernmentalism. The decisions to establish the European Defence Fund (EDF), Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), the Coordinated Annual Review of Defence (CARD) and most recently the European Defence Industry Reinforcement Through Common Procurement Act (EDIRPA) have resulted in integrative commitments between EU member-states. (...)

The European Union's Place in United States–China Strategic Competition: How Role Dynamics Drive Brussels Towards Washington; Biba, Sebastian; Journal of common market studies, 2025-01, Vol.63 (1), p.71-88

Against the backdrop of intensifying United States–China strategic competition, the European Union (EU) has recently changed course and moved closer to mirroring US rhetoric and action on China. Why has this happened, and how can it be best explained?

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