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A 'Europe of defence'? The establishment of binding commitments and supranational governance in European security and defence; Brøgger, Tine Elisabeth; Journal of European Integration, 2025-04, Vol.47 (3), p.403-422

Cooperation between EU member-states in the field of security and defence is increasingly difficult to reconcile with the notion of intergovernmentalism. The decisions to establish the European Defence Fund (EDF), Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), the Coordinated Annual Review of Defence (CARD) and most recently the European Defence Industry Reinforcement Through Common Procurement Act (EDIRPA) have resulted in integrative commitments between EU member-states. (...)

Geopolitical EU? The EU's Wartime Assistance to Ukraine; Elisabeth Johansson-Nogués, Francesca Leso; Journal of common market studies, 2025-01, Vol.63 (1), p.127-142

This article explores the European Union's (EU's) assistance to Ukraine through the lens of critical geopolitics with a view to ascertaining whether the EU has become more geopolitical in its thinking and actions towards Eastern Europe. Our findings point to a mixed picture. Whilst the EU ‘mindscape’ appears to have shifted in relation to Eastern Europe, Ukraine and itself as an actor in the region, it is less apparent that the EU's foreign and security policy action has become geopoliticised. (...)

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