Selected Online Reading on Urban Transport

• A systematic review of the impacts of the coronavirus crisis on urban transport: Key lessons learned and prospects for future cities , Abduljabbar, Rusul L. ; Liyanage, Sohani ; Dia, Hussein; Cities, 2022, Vol.127, p.103770-103770.
  Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on the transport sector worldwide. Lockdown and physical distancing requirements continue to be enforced in many cities leading to severe travel restrictions and travel demand reduction to limit the spread of the disease. This article provides bibliometric evidence-based insights into how the pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of established public transport systems and shared mobility solutions. It shows how some transport interventions can accelerate the shift to sustainable urban mobility practices such as micro-mobility and active transport. To accomplish this, the article examines recent studies (244 publications) from the Scopus database using a rigorous systematic literature review approach covering the period from January 2020 to February 2021. Importantly, the mapping of bibliographic coupling and co-citation analysis showed four heterogeneous clusters representing research efforts into “environment”, “travel behavior and mode choice”, “public transport”, and “interventions”. Inductive reasoning is used to analyze the disruptions that cities have encountered worldwide, the rapid interventions that were put in place, the aftershocks and the short and long-term impacts. Finally, the paper summarizes the lessons learned and opportunities ahead, and the challenges that must be overcome. The article also outlines pathways to build on the momentum of sustainable practices as part of a holistic approach for enabling resilient transport solutions for the new urban world. 

• Data-driven analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on Madrid's public transport during each phase of the pandemic, Fernández Pozo, Rubén ; Wilby, Mark Richard ; Vinagre Díaz, Juan José ; Rodríguez González, Ana Belén; Cities, 2022, Vol.127, p.103723-103723.
  Abstract: COVID-19 has become a major global issue with large social-economic and health impacts, which led to important changes in people's behavior. One of these changes affected the way people use public transport. In this work we present a data-driven analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on public transport demand in the Community of Madrid, Spain, using data from ticket validations between February and September 2020. This period of time covers all stages of pandemic in Spain, including de-escalation phases. We find that ridership has dramatically decreased by 95% at the pandemic peak, recovering very slowly and reaching only half its pre-pandemic levels at the end of September. We analyze results for different transport modes, ticket types, and groups of users. Our work corroborates that low-income groups are the most reliant on public transportation, thus observing significantly lower decreases in their ridership during pandemic. This paper also shows different average daily patterns of public transit demand during each phase of the pandemic in Madrid. All these findings provide relevant information for transit agencies to design responses to an emergence situation like this pandemic, contributing to extend the global knowledge about COVID-19 impact on transport comparing results with other cities worldwide. •A data-driven analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on public transport demand in the Community of Madrid (Spain) is presented.•Results for different transport modes, ticket types, and groups of users are presented, covering all stages of pandemic.•Ridership has decreased by 95 % at the pandemic peak, recovering very slowly and reaching only half its pre-pandemic level.•Low-income groups are the most reliant on public transportation, observing significantly lower ridership decreases.

• Syncing sustainable urban mobility with public transit policy trends based on global data analysis, Ceder, Avishai; Scientific reports, 2021, Vol.11 (1), p.14597-14597.
  Abstract: Unforeseeable developments will accompany progressive COVID-19 recovery globally. Similarly, science will inform changes amidst its own progress. Social isolation and distancing imposed by the pandemic are likely to result in changed habits, behavior, and thinking paradigms. Inevitably, this should affect the tremendous confusion inhibiting automated urban mobility's evolution. While mobility often seems magnanimously resistant to change, using international data, this analysis shows road traffic, the largest net contributor to global warming, is responsible for even greater damages. The core claim justifies replacing private cars (PCs) by existing and future public transit (PT) vehicles. In testing 17 major cities globally, 94% of the scenarios proved PT superior or equivalent to PCs for reducing travel time. As a result, a foreseeable, future scenario shows potential reduction in car traffic by approximately two-thirds compared with the current situation. In two arenas, proactive government can promote such sustainable urban mobility: (1) developing autonomous vehicles for PT only; (2) coordinating standardization for seamless urban mobility. These global decisions for improving our lives in the future are likely to be better received and understood subsequent to COVID-19, as the focus of our concerns changes from what preoccupied us under the circumstances prior to the pandemic.

• A paradigm shift in urban mobility: Policy insights from travel before and after COVID-19 to seize the opportunity, Anurag Thombre, Amit Agarwal; Transport Policy, Volume 110, September 2021, p. 335-353.
  Abstract: In order to gauge the impact of this unprecedented disease on travel behavior and mobility patterns of individuals, a web survey is conducted in urban agglomerations of India. The idea is to record travel mode choices before, during and after situations. The study also attempts to elicit responses towards a safer and disaster-resilient public transport, which can also cater to the needs of private vehicle-owning individuals. Further, the study presents and evaluates a set of medium to long-term policy prescriptions to negate the repercussions of this crisis and seize the opportunity it has created so that the long-held dream of sustainable and resilient cities in the context of urban mobility is realized in the best way possible.

• COVID-19 and urban public transport services: emerging challenges and research agenda, Aaron Gutiérrez, Daniel Miravet & Antoni Domènech; Cities & Health, 2020.
  Abstract: This article explores the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for public transport. Three elements are explored. Firstly, the short-term effects, including perceptions of public transport as a vector of virus transmission and shifts towards less-sustainable modes of transport. Secondly, we discuss key challenges such as the new difficulties of providing safe and reliable public transport services, the consequent barriers for the promotion of sustainable and healthy urban mobilities and the potential exacerbation of inequalities. Finally, we assess future research directions focussing on how pandemics should be monitored and the need to construct sustainable and human-scale cities.

• Best Practice in City Public Transport Authorities’ Responses to COVID-19 : A Note for Municipalities in Bulgaria, World Bank, Washington, DC , 2020.
  Abstract: The lockdowns, sharp fall in economic activity, and perceived fear that use of public transport may increase the probability of infection, or even official advice not to use public transport, have all led to considerable and speedy falls in its use in cities worldwide. Cities in Bulgaria do not seem to be an exception to that. This Note covers the issues around this challenge, with its core being how best to support the Safe and sustainable continuance of urban public transport. The fundamental principles of the Public Transport Management Response and Communication around the Pandemic are central here. The Note also covers the issue of how best to resume Full Public Transport operation but in the context of Sustainable mobility at the city’s heart. Another area covered is how to exploit Digital technology and ‘Smart’ infrastructure to monitor and to help control the spread and withering of the Pandemic. Lastly there are some specific take-aways from global Best Practice for cities in Bulgaria.

• Urban transport and COVID-19: challenges and prospects in low- and middle-income countries,  Arnaud Koehl; Routledge, Cities & health,  2021, Vol.5, p.185-190.
  Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has recently forced half of humanity to experience an unprecedentedly expansive lockdown. Naturally, this has brought urban transport systems under a near standstill, which in turn resulted in a sharp drop in carbon emissions and levels of air pollution in affected areas. While the induced health and economic crisis is already lasting longer and affecting many more than originally expected, questions arise on what that means for the future of urban living, urban design and connectivity. A post-COVID-19 city could notably see a sustained drop in demand for commuting transport due to a combination of enduring economic crisis and changing work habits. It could experience a behavioural shift with regard to crowded spaces, and public transport in particular. In such context, this snapshot piece aims first at examining the possible consequences on public health of this scenario. Secondly, it uses system thinking to evaluate how stimulus plans could maximise social, health and climate co-benefits. It takes the example of populous middle-income countries to suggest a shift to investing in infrastructure focused on active travel modes, as the most prone to cheaply sustain hygiene, social-equity, reduced exposure to air pollution, reduced numbers of fatal accidents, and enhanced levels of physical activity.

• The case for ‘public’ transport in the age of automated mobility, Docherty, Iain ; Stone, John ; Curtis, Carey ; Sørensen, Claus Hedegaard ; Paulsson, Alexander ; Legacy, Crystal ; Marsden, Greg; Cities, 2022, Vol.128, p.103784.
  Abstract: This paper highlights the extent to which a future mobility system dominated by Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) poses profound challenges to the ‘publicness’ of the transport and mobility systems of many cities. This is evident at different policy levels: the regulatory posture of governments, changing notions of the contributions of mobility to wider ‘public value’, and the underpinning shared experiences of urban life and citizenship or civitas. There is relatively little discussion of how widespread automation might reduce the ‘publicness’ of transport systems in terms of the range of mobility opportunities they offer, how changing patterns of mobility across neighbourhoods and social groups will contribute to urban restructuring, and the implications of this for public value and the character or civitas of cities. In particular, we note how the huge expansion in mobility choices made possible by CAVs might lead to circumstances in which the outcome of individuals exercising that choice is to change the nature of urban mobility profoundly. We identify a number of key challenges that policy makers will need to address in managing the introduction of CAVs in their cities, and how using the lens of ‘publicness’ might help them do so. •We explore how the notion of ‘publicness’ can contribute to debates on how best to manage and govern the impacts of autonomous mobility•Shared and automated mobility could extend or diminish opportunities for citizens, with multiple ramifications for public interests•Policy makers are under intense pressure from varied interests over how best to regulate and govern automated mobility•We conceptualise publicness as existing at three levels of debate: ownership and regulation, public value, and civitas•Effective policy interventions will be required to achieve ‘public’ goals at each of these levels.

• Re-shaping urban mobility – Key to Europe´s green transition, Maria Tsavachidis, & Yoann Le Petit, Journal of Urban Mobility, VoL 2, December 2022, p. 100014.
  Abstract: This paper outlines the vision of EIT Urban Mobility towards sustainable urban mobility. EIT Urban Mobility is an initiative of the European Institute for Innovation and Technology (EIT), a body of the European Union. EIT Urban Mobility's ecosystem counts more than 260 organisations from cities, research & academia, and industry working to enable people and goods to move affordable, fast, comfortably, safely, and cleanly. In the context of climate emergency and extreme weather events that an increasing number of European cities are already facing, it is of utmost importance to develop, and scale decarbonised urban mobility solutions. Such solutions must address acute challenges faced by cities and their inhabitants, linking urban and mobility planning, while actively engaging with citizens at all stages of transformation processes, from design to implementation. Our vision aims to facilitate this process by channelling public and private efforts towards priority areas of transformation, which are technological and behavioural pathways leading to more sustainable urban mobility spanning from street experiments to connected and shared on-demand mobility. The paper also identifies structural enablers of change, which are key technological and regulatory innovations required to turn our vision into an everyday reality.

• Improving the Quality of Transport Services of Urban Public Transport, Yekimov, Sergey ; Nianko, Viktoriia ; Pistunov, Ihor M ; Lopatynskyi, Yurii ; Valentyna, Shevchenko; Transportation Research Procedia, 2022, Vol.61, p.78-82.
  Abstract: The modernization of urban transport requires new approaches not only in the organization of routes, but also the development of new forms of accounting for the number of transport services provided. Passengers expect from public transport to increase transport mobility, make trips more comfortable, and have routes that are convenient for them. To do this, it is necessary that it is also profitable for motor transport companies that serve the routes of urban public transport. The presence of low-demand and unprofitable urban public transport routes is not profitable for road transport enterprises and is an obstacle to their development.

• Urban mobility and public transport: future perspectives and review, Avishai (Avi) Ceder ; International Journal of Urban Sciences, 2021, vol. 25, n° 4, p. 455-479.
  Abstract: The purpose of this work is to review urban transportation likely to be offered in the future. Trip-making behaviour has already changed considerably as lifestyles change and they will continue to change in the future. This work reflects and places emphasis on profound thinking about the possibilities, rather than predicting them. Thoughts about possibilities for the future draw upon imagination, perceived and justified feasibility, and lessons gained from the past. This work attempts to capture the possibilities, logistics and travel modes of future urban transportation. A visionary, feasibility-related approach grounded in a realist perspective is proposed, only conceptually, to explore plausible visions for the future. In addition, this work shows the inefficiency of using private cars (PCs) and argues that in the development of autonomous and electric vehicles, PCs cannot provide a solution competitive with the potential that urban transportation systems have for the future. Hence, the solutions for the future must be based on public transport (PT) modes of travel, regardless of whether they are metro, bus, light rail, tram, ridesharing services, an ordinary taxi, personal rapid transit, or any other PT-based future mode. The key principal of operation for the mobility of a smart city will be the ability to optimize the connectivity of movement in order to approach a seamless move, while endowing the phrase door-to-door travel with new meaning. Finally, it would be remiss not to mention the unforeseeable implications of the Covid-19 pandemic for future mobility, more controllable by automation of non-privately owned vehicle, and with the prospect of people demonstrating a greater inclination towards changing their habits, behaviour, and thinking paradigms.
   

• La gratuité en débat; Transports urbains, 2020/1, n° 136.
  Publisher’s note: Le dossier s’ouvre par la réflexion collective et contradictoire du comité de rédaction, afin de fournir aux lecteurs une vision la plus complète possible des enjeux que soulève la gratuité. Il se poursuit par une remise en perspective plus générale de la question dans l’optique du financement des transports publics en France, en plaçant la réflexion sur le temps long qui est – déjà – celui de cette politique publique dans certaines villes (Sonia Guelton et Philippe Poinsot). Puis, nous proposons une présentation du cas de Dunkerque, emblématique en France, par une analyse de cette mesure en termes d’action publique (Maxime Huré) comme d’évolution des comportements (Maxime Huré et Claire-Marine Javary). Ces réflexions se closent par un contrepoint interrogeant la pertinence de la gratuité comme politique efficace de lutte contre l’automobile (Frédéric Héran). Enfin, le temps long historique étant peut-être une façon de replacer ce débat dans son contexte historique, le dernier élément de ce dossier revient sur un siècle de tarification du métro parisien et interroge le prix de cette icône qu’est devenu le ticket (Arnaud Passalacqua).

• Transport challenges in rapidly growing cities: is there a magic bullet?, Andrew R. Goetz ; Transport Reviews; Volume 39; Issue 6; 2019; pp. 701-705
  Abstract: More than half of the world’s population now lives in cities, and projections indicate that urban areas will account for 60% of global population by 2030. Cities are growing in number, population and land area. In 2018, there were 548 cities with at least 1 million people, and that number is expected to grow to 706 cities by 2030. Similarly, the number of cities between 500,000 and 1 million people is expected to grow from 597 to 710 from 2018 to 2030. The average annual rate of total population growth for all cities over 500,000 was 2.4 percent between 2000 and 2018, including 36 cities with average growth rates of more than 6 percent per year (United Nations, 2018). While land area for the city proper has generally remained the same, land areas for urban agglomerations and metropolitan areas have grown considerably. Simply put, more people are living in more and larger cities.
   

• Reforming Public Transport Planning and Delivery, ITF, Paris: OECD Publishing, 2020, 136 p.
  Abstract: This report examines the difference in which public transport planning is undertaken and services are delivered. The report focuses primarily on urban public transport markets, with some consideration given to intercity markets. Case studies and examples address bus, tram, metro and urban or regional rail. It discusses how well different models of transport organisation deliver value for money, encourage and harness innovation, and help systems prepare for the challenges and opportunities on the horizon. Recommendations highlight the key main factors for successful reform of public transport systems.

• Personal aerial transportation systems (PATS) – A potential solution for the urban mobility challenges? Torsten Fleischer, Sarah Meyer-Soylu, Jens Schippl, Michael Decker; Oxford: Elsevier Ltd; Futures : the journal of policy, planning and futures studies, 2019-05, Vol.109, p.50-62.
  Abstract: Developers of PATS focus on technical feasibility and underestimate social embeddedness.•Lay audiences doubt whether PAV would improve the traffic situation on the ground.•Explainable societal benefits of PAV are of major importance for their societal acceptance.•The greatest remaining design challenge is the automation concept of PAV and PATS. Personal Aerial Transportation Systems (PATS) are an emerging form of transportation that promise to combine the best of ground-based and air-based transportation and to overcome the problems associated with either of these forms of transportation. PATS are discussed as a means to reduce urban congestion by making use of free space in the air. Based on research carried out in the European project myCopter, this paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the potential of personal aerial vehicles (PAVs) in a future transport system. The paper concentrates on a) expectations regarding the potential benefits of PAVs for individuals and for society as a whole, and b) public concerns that are raised in relation to PAVs, as an early indicator for potential societal conflict. The paper applies the concept of constructive technology assessment (CTA) and draws on a combination of system analysis approaches, scenario techniques and focus group discussions. The results are presented and avenues for further research are discussed.
   
• Subsidising urban and sub-urban transport - distributional impacts, N Fearnley, J Aarhaug; London: Springer open; European Transport Research Review, 2019-12-17, Vol.11 (1), p.1-10.
  Abstract: This paper studies distributional effects of public transport (PT) subsidies focusing on the Greater Oslo region. We identify how different PT markets enjoy different levels of subsidies. We describe how subsidies are distributed along PT modes and their respective patronage. This is done by document studies and travel surveys, supplemented by expert inquiries. Results We find that high-income groups, served by regional trains and high-speed crafts, receive large per passenger and per passenger-kilometre subsidy, while lower-income areas, typically served by local and regional buses, metros and local trains, receive lower subsidies per passenger. Peak traffic receives higher subsidies than off-peak traffic. The overall distributional profile is, however, found to be moderately progressive, in particular because of the socio-economic profile of the average PT passenger relative to the population as a whole.
   
• Safe, sustainable… but depoliticized and uneven – A critical view of urban transport policies in France, Hélène Reigner, Thierry Brenac ; Elsevier, Transportation research. Part A, Policy and practice, 2019, Vol.121, p.218-234.
  Abstract: This article offers a critical view of the contemporary urban policies undertaken in France in the name of safe, sustainable urban transport strategies. It seeks to show how a spatially and socially selective ordering is under way in French transport planning and policies by presenting an overview of research and empirical results dealing with the narratives and the implementation of these policies. Firstly, urban transport policies were analysed as narratives. Stressing users' individual responsibility and their capacity to adopt economically rational behaviours, and conveying moral injunctions for them to adopt the 'right', safe, healthy, sustainable mobility behaviours, a depoliticized framing of issues characterizes these public policies. Referring to theoretical frameworks related to neoliberalisation as a rationality, our hypothesis is that a neoliberal rationality feeds these policies by ignoring a certain number of macrosocial determinants. Moreover, the use of morality works as a powerful democratic anaesthetic that dissolves any objection. Secondly, we studied how these policies, legitimated by 'noble causes' and depoliticized, influence the organization of traffic in the city, and to what extent they lead to a selective and uneven treatment of urban spaces. While sustainable mobility is frequently presented as a major objective in the field of urban planning for transport and travel, contemporary policies do not seek to reduce polluting modes of travel overall. They rather seek to direct them onto bypass road infrastructures to reduce their negative impacts on the city's main sites. 'Sustainable' policies oppose the car only in certain spaces and for certain uses. With reference to theoretical frameworks related to the entrepreneurial mutation of urban policies, our interpretation is that these policies are part of urban marketing strategies of cities engaged in inter-urban competition processes. These policies lead to an increase in the value and attractiveness of strategic areas of the city, and tend to displace problems (cars, noise, pollution…, and deprived populations) to other parts of the urban territory.
   
• Stakeholders’ Views on Multimodal Urban Mobility Futures: A Matter of Policy Interventions or Just the Logical Result of Digitalization?, Jens Schippl, Annika Arnold; MDPI AG, Energies (Basel), 2020-04-08, Vol.13 (7), p.1788.
  Abstract: It is widely acknowledged that strategies to decarbonize energy systems cannot omit the mobility sector. For several decades, particularly in urban areas, a shift from car-based mobility to more environmental-friendly modes has been high on political agendas. Progress has been made in many urban areas, but so far only in small, rather incremental steps. The dominance of the car has remained largely stable in urban transport. For some time now, many experts have argued that processes of digitalization will co-evolve with societal trends and lead to multimodal urban mobility regimes in which private car usage will lose its dominance. In this paper, we examine if stakeholders active in the field believe that, despite digitalization, policy interventions are essential to achieve such a transition. The analysis draws on concepts from transition research and is based on 10 semi-structured interviews with providers of innovative mobility services that may contribute to more multimodal urban mobility systems. Geographical focus is on the City of Stuttgart (Germany). Results indicate broad agreement amongst the interviewees that digitalization alone is not sufficient for achieving a full-scale transition towards multimodal urban mobility. Policy measures that restrict car-based mobility would also be needed. However, many of the interviewed actors doubt that the essential policy mixes will find the necessary political and societal acceptance. Finally, the paper indicates ways to overcome this dilemma.

• Sustainable Public Transport Strategies—Decomposition of the Bus Fleet and Its Influence on the Decrease in Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Jaworski, Artur ; Mądziel, Maksymilian ; Kuszewski, Hubert; Energies (Basel), 2022, Vol.15 (6), p.2238.
  Abstract: The COVID pandemic has caused a major exodus of passengers who chose urban and suburban transport. In many countries, especially in the European Union, there is a tendency to choose individual means of transport, causing damage to the environment and contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. One method to promote urban transport is replacing bus fleets with newer ones, thus making public transport more attractive and reducing the emission of harmful exhaust fume components into the atmosphere. The aim of this study was to show a methodology for calculating CO2e for bus fleets. When determining CO2e, the principal greenhouse gases, such as CO2, CH4, and N2O, are usually considered. However, CO emissions also have indirect effects on climate through enhanced levels of tropospheric O3 and increased lifetime of CH4; therefore, CO2, CH4, N2O, and CO emissions were determined for CO2e emission calculations. Two bus fleet variant scenarios were analysed; the first non-investment variant assumed passenger transport using the old fleet without any P&R parking zones. The second scenario was based on the current state, which includes the purchase of new low-emission buses and the construction of P&R infrastructure. The calculations were performed using the COPERT emission model with real data from 52 buses running on 13 lines. For the analysed case study of the Rzeszow agglomeration and neighbouring communes, implementing the urban and suburban transport modernisation project resulted in a reduction in estimated CO2e emissions of about 450 t. The methodology presented, which also considers the impact of CO emissions on the greenhouse effect, is a new element of the study that has not been presented in previous works and may serve as a model for other areas in the field of greenhouse gas emission analyses. The future research scope includes investigation of other fuels and powertrain supplies, such as hydrogen and hybrid vehicles.

• Public Transport Decarbonization via Urban Bus Fleet Replacement in Portugal, Ribeiro, Paulo J. G. ; Mendes, José F. G.; Energies (Basel), 2022, Vol.15 (12), p.4286.
  Abstract: The transport sector accounts for around one-quarter of the GHG emissions in Europe, and, in Portugal, it represents almost one-third of the total emissions to the atmosphere. Unfortunately, these emissions have increased in recent years. Hence, cities and countries need plans to decarbonize their public transport fleets, and, more specifically, to replace fossil-fueled buses with electric buses that produce zero CO2 emissions. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to present a method to decarbonize the bus fleet in Portugal by a scheduled replacement of the current fleet, which is fueled by fossil fuels, with a completely electric fleet, in fourteen years. The study shows that it is possible to replace all Portuguese urban bus fleets with electric vehicles considering that all vehicles will be replaced when reaching the age of 14 years. Replacing the urban bus fleet with zero-emission buses would aid policymakers and bus companies to reduce the GHGs, and therefore contribute to fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, namely, Goal 13—take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

• Combining analytics and simulation methods to assess the impact of shared, autonomous electric vehicles on sustainable urban mobility, Oliver Dlugosch, Tobias Brandt, & Dirk Neumann; Information & Management, Volume 59, Issue 5, July 2022, p. 103285.
  Abstract: Urban mobility is currently undergoing three fundamental transformations with the sharing economy, electrification, and autonomous vehicles changing how people and goods move across cities. In this paper, we demonstrate the valuable contribution of decision support systems that combine data-driven analytics and simulation techniques in understanding complex systems such as urban transportation. Using the city of Berlin as a case study, we show that shared, autonomous electric vehicles can substantially reduce resource investments while keeping service levels stable. Our findings inform stakeholders on the trade-off between economic and sustainability-related considerations when fostering the transition to sustainable urban mobility.

• Sustainable urban mobility: evidence from three developed European countries, Punzo, Gennaro ; Panarello, Demetrio ; Castellano, Rosalia; Quality & quantity, 2021.
  Abstract : The importance acquired by private cars as the leading travel mode in most advanced countries has drawn attention to concerns related to pro-environmental travel behaviour. Indeed, the car has brought great benefits to society, albeit causing a whole lot of environmental and socio-economic consequences. In this perspective, we exploit Eurobarometer data on the attitudes of Europeans towards urban mobility to investigate the main motivations of citizens’ public transport use frequency. Ordered logistic regressions are estimated by country (Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands) and by gender. Our results suggest the key role played by a comprehensive set of socio-demographic, economic, and environmental aspects in determining urban travel behaviour. Moreover, our investigation brings to light some relevant cross-country and cross-gender commonalities and differences. The provided evidence may give policymakers a better knowledge of travel behaviour, useful for designing new interventions for environmentally-sustainable travelling.

• Approaches to transformative urban mobility, Daniel Moser; Journal of urban regeneration and renewal, 2021, Vol.14 (3), p.255-263.
  Abstract: This paper focuses on approaches to transformative urban mobility from the perspective of someone working on a global implementation initiative. It highlights the role of sustainable mobility for implementing the sustainable development goals (SDG) and to combat climate change. Sustainable mobility is discussed including its definition, benefits, challenges and possible solutions. Moreover, it outlines the importance of transformative change. The author describes the work of the global cooperation initiative from the perspective of the German development agency involved in this initiative in terms of implementing sustainable development. He pays special attention to the Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative (TUMI) and gives insight into how it works globally, using a holistic approach and a people-centred understanding of mobility. The paper explains the TUMI challenges and describes examples of implemented pilot projects and initiatives which aim to accelerate action by developing and supporting new and accelerated implementation programmes. The author shares his knowledge and learning experiences from research and practice. Stronger action on capacity development and lessons learned from prompt implementation efforts on the ground aid transformative urban mobility change. The paper argues that sustainable mobility is accessible by everyone, safeguarding socioeconomic participation, improves the quality of life and reduces emissions, leading to health benefits. The author suggests that accelerating global sustainable mobility is much needed to tackle climate change and global inequality.

• Ensuring sustainable development of urban public transport: A case study of the trolleybus system in Gdynia and Sopot (Poland), Wołek, Marcin ; Wolański, Michał ; Bartłomiejczyk, Mikołaj ; Wyszomirski, Olgierd ; Grzelec, Krzysztof ; Hebel, Katarzyna; Journal of cleaner production, 2021, Vol.279, p.123807.
  Abstract: Electromobility is a vital tool in reducing the environmental impact of transportation. A technologically mature means of public transport is the trolleybus. Based on a case study of the Polish cities of Gdynia and Sopot, this paper explores the factors that influence the development of the trolleybus system. Recent developments of in-motion charging (IMC) technology are analysed what provides a new analytical framework for the trolleybus development, bringing the original path for the expansion of the electromobility in urban areas without overhead lines. The use of an economic model has made it possible to assess the total lifecycle costs of trolleybuses and to specify a threshold that makes it more cost-effective than diesel buses. Operational data allows for a simulation that reveals the minimal rate of catenary coverage of a route in terms of speed and two charging power values. Results indicate that after including external costs into the economic calculation, trolleybus transport is economically efficient, although the energy mix is an important factor. In-motion charging trolleybus can be seen as a compromise solution between capital costs and battery capacity and is recommended for cities already operating this system. •Trolleybus development depends on their ability to travel without battery power.•When used intensively, trolleybuses are more cost effective than diesel buses.•In-motion charging creates trolleybus opportunities for use in areas without catenary.•At least 30% of the catenary length is needed for in-motion charging trolleybuses.•To increase benefits, renewable energy demand must be diversified throughout the day.

• Hydrogen-powered vehicles in urban transport systems – current state and development, Turoń, Katarzyna; Transportation Research Procedia, 2020, Vol.45, p.835-841.
  Abstract: The work is dedicated to the possibility of using hydrogen-powered vehicles in urban transport systems. Due to the need to look for alternative solutions for vehicles with conventional drive in cities, hydrogen-powered cars are one of the practical possibilities of realizing the sustainable transport assumptions and independence from oil imports - which is one of the main priorities of the European Union. This paper presents a literature analysis, the analysis of the current state and development of use hydrogen-powered vehicles in the world. The article refers to the possibilities of use hydrogen-vehicles in different ways of mobility: individual vehicles, taxis and shared mobility. In addition, the author focused on showing the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen-powered vehicles in urban transport systems.
   
• Decision-Making Problems of Collective Transport Development in Terms of Sustainable Urban Mobility, Marianna Jacyna, Piotr Kotylak; Sciendo, Journal of KONBiN, 2020-06-01, Vol.50 (2), p.359-375.
  Abstract: The paper presents decision problems related to the development of transport systems facing planning challenges of sustainable urban mobility. Currently, city decisionmakers must deal with growing difficulties related to the organisation of public transport systems. These difficulties involve the primary need for effective and ecological public transport systems and the capacity of transport service providers. These issues require a wide spectrum of research and analysis to determine expected future economic and social benefits from the implementation of environmentally friendly infrastructure investments and increasing capacity of service providers. The paper touches on the problem of the so-called green mobility in urban areas and the main management strategies associated with its development. A general formulation of the decision model, including boundary conditions and the criteria function using a sum of revenues from making the public transport offer more attractive, were proposed and discussed.
   
• Contributions of Mobility Stations to sustainable urban mobility – The examples of three German cities, Montserrat Miramontes, Maximilian Pfertner, Eva Heller; Elsevier B.V, Transportation Research Procedia, 2019, Vol.41, p.802-806.
  Abstract: In recent years, with the advances of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) as well as innovations in vehicle technology, new forms of mobility such as free-floating carsharing, modern bikesharing systems, carpooling, ridesourcing and other forms of vehicle-sharing have emerged (Shaheen et al., 2015). These technological and societal developments, together with new business strategies from innovative companies and an adapting legal framework are enabling multimodal mobility behavior, understood as the use of different transport modes by an individual within a period of time. The need for a better utilization of space and of the transport system calls for new approaches and instruments to support this multimodal behavior. A wide variety of stakeholders are taking part in the provision and integration of multiple mobility options in the form of information, services, products and regulations. Cities and mobility providers are joining efforts to provide combined and integrated options for mobility.
   
• Free-Fare Public Transport in the concept of Sustainable Urban Mobility,  Robert Tomanek; Exeley Inc, Problemy Transportu, 2018, Vol.12 (SE), p.95-105.
  Abstract: The dynamic development of cities based on the role of the car in addressing transport needs leads to a reduction of mobility, as well as to an increase in external costs generated by the transport system. This problem can be solved thanks to the sustainable mobility concept, in which transport needs are limited at the stage of planning spatial development and then covered by public transport as well as by cycle and pedestrian journeys. This article identifies arguments justifying the implementation of FFPT in Poland, and also evaluates their relevance based on the experiences described in the literature and the example of Żory. On this basis, it can be concluded that the evidence for the impact of FFPT on sustainable urban mobility is poor. Neither does FFPT reduce mobility exclusion. At the same time, the introduction of this solution is expensive, especially in the metropolitan areas.
   
• Does the service quality of urban public transport enhance sustainable mobility?, Roberta Guglielmetti Mugion, Martina Toni, Hendry Raharjo, Laura Di Pietro; Samuel Petros Sebathu; Elsevier BV, Journal of cleaner production, 2018-02, Vol.174, p.1566-1587.                 
  Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to assess and gain a deeper understanding of the role of service quality in sustainable mobility. Specifically, the study aims to understand user perceptions related to service quality in urban public transport systems and to investigate whether they induce the adoption of adopt more sustainable behaviours for mobility purposes by opting for alternative means of transportation such as car-sharing, bike-sharing, and car-pooling instead of using one's own private car. Indeed, it is becoming vital for cities to investigate the norm of owning a car as a solution and to break this norm to allow citizens to stop using their car as an environmentally friendly solution. On the basis of the above theoretical assumptions, we develop a theoretical framework that aims to fill the literature gaps and is therefore oriented towards understand the linkage among the service quality of the urban public transportation system, service loyalty to urban public transport, the intention to use one's own private car less, and the intention to use sustainable means of transportation, mainly car-sharing. An empirical investigation involving the city of Rome, Italy, is performed. The study proposes a territorial analysis and a qualitative and quantitative survey.
   
• Transferring sustainable urban mobility policies: An institutional perspective,  Fatih Canitez; Elsevier Ltd, Transport policy, 2020-05, Vol.90, p.1-12
  Abstract: This study develops an institutional framework for the transfer of the sustainable urban mobility policies from developed to developing institutional settings. Drawing on new institutional economics approach, the study investigates the institutional structure of the urban mobility field with a view to propose a policy transfer framework. The framework is then used in transferring sustainable urban mobility policies from London to Istanbul. On its way to establish a more sustainable urban mobility system, the city of Istanbul, which is the economic capital of Turkey, grapples with many urban mobility problems such as rapid motorization, chronic traffic congestion, air and noise pollution and a fragmented governance structure. London's recent Mayor's Transport Strategy published in March, 2018 which sets out a comprehensive set of policies aiming towards a more sustainable urban mobility is used as a benchmark document for transferring policies to Istanbul. The policy transfer study, commissioned by the local transport authority of Istanbul, is undertaken by a team of experts, consultants and academics which include the author of this study as well. The transfer process is carried out by translating policies into the institutional structure of the policy borrowing city, namely Istanbul. The fragmentation in the policy and governance levels in Istanbul, acting as a major barrier for direct transfer, is addressed by the proposed institutional policy transfer framework. Overall, the study aims to open up new avenues for an institutionally-informed transport policy research. More specifically, the study provides novel conceptual tools for the analysis of the policy transfer studies involving disparate institutional settings.

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